So there I was, standing in line at the grocery store.
Ho-hum.
The elderly gentleman in front of me was obviously a bit bored with the long line too because he turned around and start to examine what was in my shopping cart.
What was in my cart, you ask?
Nothing much as I don?t buy a whole lot at the grocery store. ?As I recall, there was a bag of organic Fuji apples, a bunch of seltzer water in glass bottles, gourmet butter in foil packaging, and several bags of epsom salts.
Yes, just about one of the most boring shopping carts you?ve ever laid eyes on. ?No colorful bags or boxes to be seen anywhere.
This gentleman fixes his gaze on the seltzer and starts telling me a story about when he was a child in Queens, New York and this yummy drink he and his brothers made out of club soda.
Do people like to spontaneously start talking to you when in line? ?Happens to me all the time. ?I think I have ?one of those faces? if you know what I mean.
Curious, I took the bait and asked him what kind of a drink he made.
With a twinkle in his eye, he tells me that they mixed club soda, milk, and chocolate syrup and that it tasted so great on a hot summer day. ? He told me quality food was hard to come by and this drink made the milk stretch a bit further during the Depression.
Even more curious as this drink did not at all sound yummy to me, I asked how much club soda and milk were used.
He said the drink was mostly club soda with just a bit of milk and chocolate syrup.
He assured me that my kids would love it and that I should try it.
After I arrived home, I told my kids the story and asked if they wanted to try out the drink. They all thought it sounded disgusting too but were game to give it a go since it came so highly recommended from someone who had obviously remembered it fondly for many, many years.
Tentatively, we mixed some raw grassfed whole milk, organic chocolate syrup and seltzer water in the following proportions:
75% seltzer, 25% milk, and a dash (no more than a tsp or so) of chocolate syrup. ? Carob syrup would work beautifully too. ?The key to this drink is to serve it really cold if possible! ? To my children?s delight, the drink formed a nice fizzy head on top like an ice cream soda!
If you are allergic to milk, I feel pretty sure this would be great with whole coconut milk too.
All three kids agreed after trying it that it tasted great! ? We decided to name it Fizzy Iced Chocolate. ?This is a nice drink to try if you are out of kombucha?or other healthy, homemade fermented beverages loaded with probiotics?and want something fizzy on your throat and (hopefully) don?t keep any soda around the house.
In fact, two of my children have asked me to pack it in their lunchboxes once in awhile.
The moral of this story is to chat up the folks in the grocery line. ?You never know what kind of crazy stuff or Depression Era recipes you are going to learn about!
Say what? No seriously, police have officially named Lindsay Lohan as a suspect in yet another jewelry theft case. This one is even more bizarre than the first, which just proves that this chick has some serious issues. Sure, sure, you are innocent until proven guilty. But it isn’t just everyday that you end up involved in MORE THAN ONE jewelry theft case. Could she be a real clepto? I don’t know. Something stinks, and it isn’t the perfume she probably swiped from the department store. You may remember the case back a few years ago when she was allegedly caught on tape walking out of a jewelry store with some goods that she didn’t pay for. Even before that, others had accused her of simply trying to keep the jewels they had used for photo shoots. Guess what? She is currently on probation and could really be screwed if she is busted for anything like this. This particular case is even better. Now someone has actually contacted the police about a week ago saying that a person had stolen nearly $100,000 worth of watches and sunglasses. The guy’s name is Sam Magid, and he has been hanging with Lindsay [...]
James Fallows of The Atlantic met Neil Armstrong at a gathering of some of America's greatest aviators and astronauts, and even in that crowd, Armstrong stood out. Saturday, the astronaut's family announced he had died at the age of 82. Guest host Laura Sullivan speaks with Fallows about Armstrong's legacy.
Copyright ? 2012 National Public Radio. For personal, noncommercial use only. See Terms of Use. For other uses, prior permission required.
LAURA SULLIVAN, HOST:
James Fallows of The Atlantic joins us as he does most Saturdays. Jim, let me get your thoughts on the passing of Neil Armstrong.
JAMES FALLOWS: I had the chance to meet him only once. This was almost 10 years ago, the 100th anniversary of the Wright Brothers flight in Kitty Hawk. And there was every icon of aviation you could imagine there, from a Chuck Yeager or two, then serving President Bush to John Travolta, but there was a special standing for Neil Armstrong. And I think that reflected the fact not simply had he been part of this historic achievement for humanity, but also the rest of his life had been so exemplary too.
Before that, he had been a test pilot and a combat pilot and an engineer and a professor. And after his achievement in the Apollo program, he went on to have this exemplary life of avoiding political complications, of being very careful about the kind of business enterprises he was involved in. He had been a small-town person from Ohio. So I think everything that American's liked to think about themselves was reflected in the person of this man.
SULLIVAN: Obviously, the country just experienced an exhilarating moment with the landing of the Mars Curiosity. Of course, that was an unmanned mission. But it just couldn't match the feeling of the moon landing. I mean, Neil Armstrong just seems like the kind of hero that we just might not see again for a long time.
FALLOWS: That kind of heroism requires the sort of national effort, of course, that President Kennedy had kicked off less than a decade before in saying that we would land a man on the moon and bring him back safely. I think the national excitement about the control room for this Curiosity landing on Mars was some glimpse of the sense of national possibility that people felt back in the 1960s during the space declaration where you saw in that control room lots of ordinary-seeming Americans from a variety of backgrounds who were trying their best for this one pooled effort to do something that hadn't been done before.
And I think that regardless of party, there is a kind of national desire for achievement and greatness and success and pushing frontiers that could be retapped.
SULLIVAN: Hmm. Jim, let's turn now to some other news just for a minute. Republicans are converging on Tampa, Florida, right now for their national convention. And my question is - Romney's nomination is a foregone conclusion. The other candidates usually hand over their delegates to the presumptive nominee. What's the purpose of a convention now? Is this really a much ado about nothing?
FALLOWS: In a sense, these gatherings have outlived their natural purpose. In days of yore, the nominations sometimes weren't decided until the conventions. There will be deals made and all the rest. That doesn't happen now. I think they still do matter, though, for a couple of reasons. One is it's the only time when people from one party, from every part of the country get together and there is still some difference in seeing people face-to-face, even if it's a crowd of tens of thousands.
Sometimes there are moments that change political identity and make political stars. It was eight years ago that Barack Obama, then just a candidate for Senate, made his historic speech at the Boston convention for Democrats. And four years ago, Sarah Palin introduced herself with her speech. And finally, this really is the time when the serious part of the presidential campaign season begins. Each party has a chance to present itself, its candidate. And so starting now, we're in for the serious part of the campaign.
SULLIVAN: James Fallows is national correspondent with The Atlantic. And you can read his blog at jamesfallows.theatlantic.com. And his latest book is "China Airborne." Jim, thanks so much.
FALLOWS: My pleasure, Laura.
Copyright ? 2012 National Public Radio. All rights reserved. No quotes from the materials contained herein may be used in any media without attribution to National Public Radio. This transcript is provided for personal, noncommercial use only, pursuant to our Terms of Use. Any other use requires NPR's prior permission. Visit our permissions page for further information.
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Researchers at Johns Hopkins have discovered an efficient and totally safe method to turn adult blood cells "all the way back to the way [they were] when that person was a 6-day-old embryo." The discovery could be the key to cure the incurable—from heart attacks to severed spinal cord to cancer—and open the door, some day, to eternal youth. More »
It?s a competitive job market out there. But recruiters still like to hear what other recruiters are facing in the job market ? the challenges, the common needs, even one another?s success stories.
The University of Wisconsin Oshkosh?s Career Services provided the perfect forum.
Nearly 80 regional and state employers based in industries from health care to insurance to manufacturing, sales and even nonprofit service, sent representatives to Career Services? ?Recruiters Connection? at UW Oshkosh?s Reeve Memorial Union on Aug. 22.
The morning-long networking and educational event gave human resources and recruitment professionals a chance to share experiences in employer roundtable discussions, hear from UW Oshkosh Career Services student-clients in a special panel discussion and learn from UW Oshkosh College of Business Professor Dale Feinauer on the keys to swift and effective hiring processes.
The Aug. 22 lineup concluded with a tour of the Career Services headquarters in UW Oshkosh?s Student Success Center.
?This gives (recruiters) a chance to find value in seeing what other people struggle with and what they succeed at,? said Jaime Page-Stadler, director of UW Oshkosh Career Services.
Career Services is UW Oshkosh?s ?provider of career information, advice and occupational guidance,? helping students develop professional skills and experience while in the midst of their academic career at the University. It also works closely with regional, state and national employers eager to better connect their needs with the abundant student talent and experience on campus.
Rich Bower, management recruiter with La Crosse-based Kwik Trip, Inc., said the Recruiters Connection event was a valuable opportunity to ask employer-peers how they more effectively peel back the more public layers of their organization and reveal other management and executive?career opportunities within for prospective employees.
?We?re more than a ?gas station,?? Bower said. ?? We?ve got much more all the way up to our corporate facility in La Crosse. The relationship with the college has opened a lot of doors.?
Brian Beyer, branch manager for Cintas Corporation of Greenville, said any program connecting colleagues and he to fellow recruiters while helping them develop a better understanding of the talents and trends propelling students into the job market is worth his time.
?It?s just good to hear what?s new with students and with the Career Services staff,? Beyer said.
The Recruiters Connection event kicks off a busy new academic year for Career Services.
On Sept. 4, as part of UW Oshkosh?s opening week, it will host the campus?s Student Employment Fair. That will be followed by the popular and annually-growing Career Fair on the Fox on Sept. 24. The massive employment fair, stationed in UW Oshkosh?s Kolf Sports Center, connects dozens of prospective employers with hundreds of UW Oshkosh students seeking new career opportunities.
Page-Stadler said events like Recruiters Connection are a natural stepping stone to build the partnerships that, eventually, find employers marketing their job opportunities at the huge career fair.
?.. It?s all about them, but we also get a good list of employers interested in working with our campus,? Page-Stadler said.
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At least nine people have been killed in clashes between rival pro- and anti-Damascus gunmen in the northern city of Tripoli, testing Lebanon's fragile security situation, security sources said on Wednesday.
Top local security, political and religious officials met and agreed on a ceasefire to take effect at 1400 GMT, an AFP correspondent reported.
But nine civilians were wounded, caught up in sporadic shooting which erupted as people started to venture out into the streets after the ceasefire, security sources said.
Two people died in the latest violence after a bloody day Tuesday which saw six people killed in street battles between gunmen from Sunni and Alawite groups, whose rival districts are symbolically divided by a thoroughfare called Syria Street.
Amid the ceasefire efforts, security sources said a ninth person died on Wednesday of his injuries.
The port city of Tripoli, the second largest metropolis in Lebanon, remained tense, with armed men driving through the city and shooting rounds of live fire into the air, the correspondent said.
The army said it will open talks with city elders to restore stability and has also boosted its presence in the areas where the fighting has been taking place.
The latest round of fighting has rattled the already fragile security situation in Lebanon, which lived under three decades of Syrian domination and remains deeply divided between supporters and opponents of the Damascus government.
The dead in Tripoli included a 13-year-old boy, while more than 80 other people have been wounded, including a boy of six who was paralysed by a gunshot wound and 15 soldiers, security sources said.
The fighting with anti-tank rockets and automatic weapons first erupted late Monday in Tripoli, home to a Sunni community hostile to Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, who is an Alawite, an offshoot of Shiite Islam.
Prime Minister Najib Mikati, a native of Tripoli, on Wednesday raised fresh concern at "efforts to drag Lebanon more and more into the conflict in Syria when what is required is for leaders to cooperate ... to protect Lebanon from the danger."
The authorities have instructed the army and security forces "to bring the situation under control, to prohibit any armed presence and to arrest those implicated" in the violence, he said in a statement.
The army said: "In order to prevent attempts to drag the whole of Lebanon into a state of unrest ... the army command announces it will enter into dialogue with the city's leaders and officials, particularly in Bab al-Tebbaneh and Jabal Mohsen."
Exchanges of gunfire on Monday between Bab el-Tebbaneh and Jabal Mohsen sparked the latest violence. Civilians have evacuated their homes, while fires have wrecked several buildings.
"My family and I have left our house in Bab al-Tebbaneh ... But I don't have the money to leave for good. It's unfortunate this area will always be an open playing field for political struggles," taxi driver Abu Khodr Sharbini told AFP.
Fighters in Bab al-Tebbaneh charge the Syrian regime lit the spark for the latest round of clashes. "They do this to cover up for their crimes in Syria," where an anti-Assad revolt has raged since March 2011, a fighter said.
But Ali Fidda, a local Alawite official from Jabal Mohsen, said his side was only defending itself in the predominantly Sunni city. "We understand there are differences ... But we are prepared to defend ourselves if we have to."
The United Nations, France and the United States have expressed concern over the latest flareup and warned against a spillover of the Syrian conflict.
"The situation in Lebanon has become more precarious and the need for continued international support to the government and the Lebanese Armed Forces increasingly important," UN under secretary general Jeffrey Feltman said.
The latest unrest in Tripoli, which has been the scene of several deadly incidents over the past year, follows a wave of tit-for-tat kidnappings of Lebanese citizens in Syria and of Syrians living in Lebanon.
The life of a product model isn't easy, particularly when it involves demoing questionable skin care contraptions. Like this so-called sonic cleanser that looks so much like a box cutter that this model appears legitmately scared for her wellbeing. More »
New era in camouflage makeup: Shielding soldiers from searing heat of bomb blastsPublic release date: 22-Aug-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Michael Bernstein
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215-418-2056 (Philadelphia Press Center, Aug. 17-23)
202-872-6042
Michael Woods
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American Chemical Society
PHILADELPHIA, Aug. 22, 2012 Camouflage face makeup for warfare is undergoing one of the most fundamental changes in thousands of years, as scientists today described a new face paint that both hides soldiers from the enemy and shields their faces from the searing heat of bomb blasts. Firefighters also could benefit from the new heat-resistant makeup, according to the report.
It was part of a broader symposium on innovations in ingredients for personal care products held during the 244th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society, the world's largest scientific society. The meeting, which includes almost 8,600 reports on new discoveries in science and other topics, continues through Thursday. The other reports (abstracts appear below) included new hairsprays, mousses, denture adhesives, tartar-control toothpastes, mouthwashes and personal cleansing products.
Robert Lochhead, Ph.D., who presented the report, explained that soldiers have used face paint for centuries for one kind of protection ? to help their skin blend in with the natural environment and shield them from enemies. The new material continues that tradition, but also provides protection from the searing heat of roadside bomb blasts and other explosions that have claimed a terrible toll in Iraq, Afghanistan and other conflicts.
"The detonation of a roadside bomb or any other powerful explosive produces two dangerous blasts," Lochhead said. "First comes a blast wave of high pressure that spreads out at supersonic speeds and can cause devastating internal injuries. A thermal blast follows almost instantaneously. It is a wave of heat that exceeds 1,112 degrees Fahrenheit. That's as hot as a burning cigarette. The thermal blast lasts only two seconds, but it can literally cook the face, hands and other exposed skin."
In an effort to protect soldiers from this threat, the U.S. Department of Defense has been seeking a solution that Lochhead initially regarded as an impossibility: A material that soldiers could smear on their faces like suntan lotion, leaving a coating that although thinner than a sheet of paper, could protect against that intense heat. Dr. Paige Buchanan, Kelli Booth, Michelle McClusky, Laura Anderson and Lochhead were the team that tackled the challenge. Not only did they succeed, but they discovered a formulation that protects in laboratory experiments way beyond the 2-second heat-wave threat from improvised explosive devices and other bombs.
The new camouflage makeup protects the face and hands for up to 15 seconds before its own temperature rises to the point where a first-degree burn, which is a mild burn, might occur. In some tests, the new face paint can protect for up to 60 seconds, which could be important in giving soldiers time to move away from blast-related fires and also for use by civilian firefighters.
The makeup had to meet several key criteria: It had to reflect intense heat; have camouflage colors suitable for day and night use; be easy to apply and remove; be waterproof; and be non-irritating to the eyes, nose and mouth.
The trickiest part was that the University of Southern Mississippi team had to avoid the use of mineral oil, mineral spirits, fatty substances and other traditional hydrocarbon makeup ingredients. Hydrocarbons can burn in contact with intense heat in the flame spectrum. The team turned to silicones, which are not as flammable because they absorb radiation at wavelengths outside of the intense heat spectrum. Silicones have been replacing hydrocarbons in many commercial cosmetic makeup products as cosmetics companies improve products to confer better feel properties and transfer-resistance.
Another challenge was adding DEET, an insect repellent. The military mandates that all camouflage makeups contain 35 percent DEET. "DEET also is flammable, so when the Department of Defense asked us to incorporate it, we didn't think we could do it," Lochhead noted. But the team successfully included DEET by encapsulating it in a hydrogel substance, a water-rich material that prevented DEET from catching fire.
It already has passed the preliminary laboratory tests needed to determine whether development should continue. Lochhead's team also plans tests of the material on other surfaces to try to protect clothing, tents and other items from burning, and a colorless version is being developed for firefighters.
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The American Chemical Society is a nonprofit organization chartered by the U.S. Congress. With more than 164,000 members, ACS is the world's largest scientific society and a global leader in providing access to chemistry-related research through its multiple databases, peer-reviewed journals and scientific conferences. Its main offices are in Washington, D.C., and Columbus, Ohio.
To automatically receive news releases from the American Chemical Society, contact newsroom@acs.org.
Note to journalists: Please report that this research was presented at a meeting of the American Chemical Society.
Abstracts from the symposium "Polymers for Personal Care and Cosmetics" follow.
Abstracts
Makeup designed to protect skin from ballistic heat Robert Y. Lochhead1 , The University of Southern Mississippi, The School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, 118 College Drive, #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406-0001, United States , 601-266-5945, robert.lochhead@usm.edu
Warfighters and firefighters can be exposed to intense thermal fluxes that can cause severe burns on exposed skin. Burn injuries are exacerbated by oil or wax-based face paint that can melt on the face and ignite and transfer heat to the tissue. There is a need to ameliorate damage to the skin for such intense heat fluxes. We used high throughput formulation techniques to construct formulations designed to reflect heat from the skin. We avoided ingredients containing C-C and/or C-H bonds that absorb in the flame region of the spectrum. Fortunately, the Si-O-Si bond in silicones absorbs at wavelengths around 9 microns, which is just outside the intense flame spectrum. Makeup formulations for protection against ballistic heat were formulated using select polymeric film formers and hydrogels to shield volatile flammable component ingredients such as DEET.
(Research conducted under Contract No. W911QY-09-C-0037 awarded by the United States Department of Defense (Army).
In vitro characterization of cosmetic and viscoelastic effects of firming polymers Chung-yi Chiang1 , Unilever, 40 Merritt Boulevard, Trumbull, CT, 06611, United States , 203-381-5741, chung-yi.chiang@unilever.com
Polymers are ingredients commonly used in cosmetic and personal care products to primarily tune the rheology and/or sensory properties of products. The formation of leave-on polymer film on the skin surface would affect consumer's visual and tactile perceptions. The viscoelastic properties of polymer films on skin are believed to drive consumer's immediate perceptions of attributes such as firming. Therefore, tuning proper viscoelastic properties for the polymeric film on skin is a key factor in cosmetic formulation design. A creep measurement on synthetic substrate mimicking skin viscoelasticity and a standard linear solid model were developed to characterize the mechanical properties of products in experiments simulating the application process. A commercialized firming polymer was used to demonstrate the mechanical effects of polymer doses in products. In addition, a variety of polymers with different chemical structures were tested to help with the selection of polymers for optimizing the skin-care products and achieving the targeted concepts.
Beyond thickening: Use of alkyl acrylate crosspolymer in personal care formulations Daphne Benderly1 , Presperse Corporation, 635 Pierce Street, Somerset, NJ, 08873, United States , 732-356-5200, dbenderly@presperse.com
Polymeric thickeners have been used for decades in personal care applications. A newer class of crosslinked copolymer thickener is INCI name Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer, which has found use in gel, surfactant and emulsion systems. One disadvantage of this polymer type is loss of viscosity upon addition of electrolytes (salts).
Electrolyte resistance can be altered by varying the structure of the crosslinked copolymer - crosslink density and extent of hydrophobic modification. Performance in model systems such as gels and surfactants will be demonstrated, and the thickening mechanism described. For some thickener structures, an added benefit, in addition to building viscosity and electrolyte tolerance, is the development of a distinctive texture. This texture can be used to differentiate consumer products.
An unexpected thickening synergy between one thickener structure and a surfactant-like preservative is reported.
Modern polyurethane polymers: Structure-property relationships Yuliya Berezkin1 , Bayer MaterialScience, LLC, Coatings, Adhesives and Sealants/ Spetialties/ Personal Care, 100 Bayer Road, Pittsburgh, PA, 15205, United States , 412-777-4176, yuliya.berezkin@bayer.com
The intrinsic features of polyurethane polymers - such as elasticity, clarity, and tunable mechanical properties - are found to be key in industrial and personal care applications. Understanding structure-property relationships of polyurethanes is necessary when designing smart multifunctional materials for specific end-uses.
Polyurethanes have a segmented structure of block copolymers where soft and hard segments form micro domains that may result in two-phase morphology. For example, a change in the molecular weight of the soft segment may affect phase separation that, in turn, dictates a very unique thermodynamic behaviour of the polymer altering its mechanical characteristics. The nature of the building blocks and polymer morphology greatly affect film forming properties, stiffness, and polymer behaviour under thermal and physical conditions.
This paper will review effects of polymer structure on biodegradability and chemical resistance. Physical-chemical characteristics of the polymer to achieve shape memory or self-healing effects will also be discussed.
Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release profiles of biodegradable hydroxycinnamate-based poly(anhydride-esters) Michelle A. Ouimet1 , Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, United States , 732-445-5630, mouimet@rci.rutgers.edu
A novel series of hydroxycinnamate-based biodegradable polymers was prepared by chemically incorporating antimicrobial/antioxidant bioactives (e.g., p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acids) into poly(anhydride-esters) of differing hydrophilicity. A Knoevenagel condensation synthetic approach for preparing polymer precursors and solution polymerization methods utilized to yield biodegradable polymers. Preliminary studies of the polymer in vitro release profiles demonstrated that the hydroxycinnamate-based polymers are hydrolytically degradable and release the chemically incorporated bioactives over a prolonged period of time (> 1 month). Controlled release of such naturally derived bioactives would be advantageous for many cosmetic, skin care, and personal care formulations.
Wettability of silicones Michael J. Owen1 , Michigan Molecular Institute, 1910 West St. Andrews Road, Midland, Michigan, 48640, United States , 989-631-7339, michaelowen01@chartermi.net
The low surface energy and hydrophobicity of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has led to its widespread use in personal care and cosmetic products. However, some applications require oleophobicity as well as hydrophobicity and for this reason, fluorosilicones are of interest in this field. Perceived benefits of incorporation of silicones into these products can be difficult to quantify but one quantitative index of wettability is the contact angle a given liquid exhibits on a silicone substrate. The most commonly studied liquids are water and alkanes, particularly n-hexadecane, useful indicators of hydrophobicity and oleophobicity, respectively. Such data are available for PDMS and a variety of fluorosilicones including polymethyltrifluoropropylsiloxane (PMTFPS). These data are reviewed and compared with other fluorocarbon materials, particularly n-perfluoroeicosane (C20F42). The fundamental reasons for the trends in these data are explored in the light of fundamental attributes of these materials such as low intermolecular forces and polymer backbone architecture and flexibility.
Acetylene based polymers in personal care applications Osama M. Musa1 , Ashland Specialty Ingredients, Corporate Research Center, 1361 Alps Road, Wayne, NJ, 07470, United States , 973-628-3265, omusa@ashland.com
We will discuss acetylenic-based polymers for personal care derived from vinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl caprolactam and methyl vinyl ether monomers. These vinyl lactam-based polymers have been made via solution, precipitation and dispersion polymerization techniques. By varying ratios of vinyl lactam with other functional monomers, random copolymers with the desired benefits/properties can be achieved. Their polymer architectures can range among linear, branched and crosslinked, and they can be water-soluble or water-swellable. Their polymer functionality can be non-ionic, cationic or anionic in nature. Physical characteristics of the representative lactam-based polymers based on their functionality will be presented along with their applications in personal care industry. Some known applications include hairsprays, hair styling gels, hair conditioning, teeth whiting, and waterproofing sun-creams. Finally, chemistry of methyl vinyl ether (and isobutylene)-maleic anhydride alternating copolymers will be presented, which allow post-polymerization modifications, resulting in broad range tailor-made materials having unique characteristics. Representative known applications of MVE (or IB)-based polymers are hairsprays, mousses, denture adhesives, tartar-control toothpastes and tablet coatings.
Controlled synthesis of multifunctional polymers with "conflicting properties" by RAFT for personal care applications Matthias Haeussler1 , CSIRO, CMSE, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, Vic, 3168, Australia , +61-3-9545-2390, matthias.haeussler@csiro.au
The versatility of the RAFT (Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer) technology provides enormous potential for the design and development of multi-functional polymers that are optimised for performance in a range of application areas that includes: surfactants, coatings, dispersants, nanomaterials, therapeutic or active delivery and personal care. This presentation will demonstrate the attributes of the RAFT process as a ground breaking technology offering unprecedented control over the composition, functionality and architecture of polymers obtained through radical polymerization. Examples of block copolymer structures with distinctive physical and chemical properties will be presented and the performance attributes of these polymers will be highlighted.
Ion permeable microcapsules: An approach for remineralization Stephen M. Gross1 , Creighton University, Department of Chemistry, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE, 68178, United States , 402-280-2270, stephengross@creighton.edu
The prevention of caries continues to remain a prominent concern among dental professionals. Although products such as toothpaste, mouthwash, and sealants have all targeted this process, the challenge against primary and secondary caries still persists. This study provided a distinctive approach through the creation of a ubiquitous platform capable of being incorporated into several types of dentrifices. Solvated calcium, fluoride, and phosphate salts were encapsulated in ion permeable microcapsules and loaded into rosin and resin based varnish formulations. The role of initial salt concentration in the microcapsule, w/w% loading, microcapsule chemical structure, ion type and continuous phase on the ion release rate was studied. It was concluded that varnish formulated with microcapsules released calcium, phosphate and fluoride ions in a biologically available form with a controlled rate of release.
Stars and blocks: Tailoring polymeric rheology modifiers for aqueous media by controlled free radical polymerization Andre Laschewsky1 , Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, Department of Chemistry, Geiselbergstrasse 69, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany , 493315681327, 493315683000, andre.laschewsky@iap.fraunhofer.de
Associative telechelics are particularly versatile and effective for thickening or gelling aqueous formulations. As alternative to the dominating hydrophobically end-capped poly(ethylene glycol) derivatives, we have explored the use of controlled free radical polymerization for synthesizing associative telechelic water-soluble polymers directly, without the need of post-polymerization modification steps. Varying the hydrophobicity and the number of the hydrophobic end-groups, as well as the nature and the chain length of the hydrophilic polymer, we present the associative properties of various star, block and star-block copolymers made from acrylic monomers. Moreover, we demonstrate how to extend the strategy to thermo-responsive systems.
Recent advances in self-healing polymers and coatings Jamil Baghdachi1 , Eastern Michigan University, School of Engineering Technology, 118 Sill Hall, Ypsilanti, MI, 48167, United States , 734-487-3192, jbaghdach@emich.edu
In an effort to mimic self-healing functions in biological systems, we report here the development of polymeric coating systems that are stimuli responsive and possess the ability to self-heal when damaged. This work describes coatings that contain small amounts of healing agent in the form of microcapsule homogeneously dispersed in the coating medium. The most attractive feature of this system is that the factors that cause the most damage to the coating, such as humidity, mechanical compromise, exposure to high temperatures etc., are the same factors that initiate self-healing phenomenon. This property is unique since the extent of the healing is proportional to the magnitude of the damage, i.e., repair on demand. It was confirmed that the simulated natural aging or mechanical damage triggered the release of healing agents, repaired the damage, restored the integrity of the coating and enhanced overall coating properties. The development of self-healing materials has the potential to significantly impact the coatings and related industries by enhancing coatings' performance and service life.
Novel cationic latex as an opacifier for cleansing formulations Fanwen Zeng1 , The Dow Chemical Company, Dow Advanced Materials, 727 Norristown Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, United States , 215-619-5754, fzeng@dow.com
Opacifier technology has been applied in cleansing formulations to provide an opaque and creamy appearance in consumer products. Styrene/acrylate latex (SAL) is one of the most widely used technologies. Conventionally, this opacifier technology is based on latexes stabilized with anionic groups on the surfaces. It is being used in anionic surfactant-based systems at slightly acidic to neutral pH. However, this technology is not compatible in cleansing formulations that contain a higher content of cationic polymers. In this paper, we describe a novel cationic SAL that is prepared by an emulsion polymerization process. The compatibility and long term formulation stability is markedly improved with this cationic SAL vs. the anionic counterpart when it is used in a cleansing formulation containing higher content of a variety of cationic polymer ingredients.
Styrene/acrylates copolymer as film former for improved hair surface luster Miao Wang1 , Dow Chemical Company, 727 Norristown Road, Spring House, PA, United States , 215-619-1439, miaowang@dow.com
Shine is one of the most sought-after and most desirable criteria for a hair care product, including hair styling. Hair fixative polymers can provide hold performance, however they have been relying on silicone to provide shine, which has limited shine benefit, diminished hold performance, and are not long lasting. The study was to understand the impact of polymer physical properties, and formulation parameters on shine and hold performance in hair styling products.
Bifunctional synthetic fluid: Polyalphaolefin (PAO)-diphenylamine Abhimanyu O. Patil1 , ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Corporate Strategic Research, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, NJ, 08801, United States , 908-730-2639, abhimanyu.o.patil@exxonmobil.com
1-Decene dimer with terminal double bond was reacted with diphenylamine using acidic catalyst to obtain antioxidant bound fluid. The use of the two different alkylation catalysts were explored: Solid acid clay and 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium heptachloroaluminate [emim+][Al2Cl7-]. The talk will focus on the synthetic aspect of the work with emphasis on the intricacies of the alkylation and oligomerization chemistries revealed by mass spectroscopy.
Next generation mildness for personal care: Nonpenetrating polymerized surfactants for cleansing applications Michael J. Fevola1 , Johnson & Johnson Consumer and Personal Products Worldwide, Division of Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc., 199 Grandview Road, Skillman, NJ, 08558, United States , 908-874-2418, mfevola@its.jnj.com
Most personal cleansing products rely on conventional small-molecule surfactants to deliver the cleansing and foaming performance expected by consumers. Despite all of their beneficial functions, these surfactants can exhibit significant irritation potential. The micelle penetration theory of surfactant induced irritation has inspired new methods of improving mildness which are based on the control and prevention of micelle penetration. Building on this theory, we have demonstrated that the irritation potential of surfactant micelles is inversely proportional to the hydrodynamic size of the micelles; thus, surfactant blends exhibiting larger micelle sizes tend to be milder compared to surfactant blends with smaller micelle sizes. However, because micelle size distributions tend to be broad in nature, even mild surfactant blends contain a significant fraction of small micelles that are able to penetrate into tissue. Polymerized surfactants (PSs) comprised of amphiphilic repeat units overcome the problem of surfactant penetration by enabling the formation of micelles that are too large to penetrate into tissue. The physical properties of PSs can be manipulated via chemical design to provide materials that function like conventional surfactants (e.g. PSs exhibit foaming, wetting, and solubilization behaviors) with the benefits of zero tissue penetration and tremendous reduction in irritation potential.
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New era in camouflage makeup: Shielding soldiers from searing heat of bomb blastsPublic release date: 22-Aug-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Michael Bernstein
m_bernstein@acs.org
215-418-2056 (Philadelphia Press Center, Aug. 17-23)
202-872-6042
Michael Woods
m_woods@acs.org
215-418-2056 (Philadelphia Press Center, Aug. 17-23)
202-872-6293
American Chemical Society
PHILADELPHIA, Aug. 22, 2012 Camouflage face makeup for warfare is undergoing one of the most fundamental changes in thousands of years, as scientists today described a new face paint that both hides soldiers from the enemy and shields their faces from the searing heat of bomb blasts. Firefighters also could benefit from the new heat-resistant makeup, according to the report.
It was part of a broader symposium on innovations in ingredients for personal care products held during the 244th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society, the world's largest scientific society. The meeting, which includes almost 8,600 reports on new discoveries in science and other topics, continues through Thursday. The other reports (abstracts appear below) included new hairsprays, mousses, denture adhesives, tartar-control toothpastes, mouthwashes and personal cleansing products.
Robert Lochhead, Ph.D., who presented the report, explained that soldiers have used face paint for centuries for one kind of protection ? to help their skin blend in with the natural environment and shield them from enemies. The new material continues that tradition, but also provides protection from the searing heat of roadside bomb blasts and other explosions that have claimed a terrible toll in Iraq, Afghanistan and other conflicts.
"The detonation of a roadside bomb or any other powerful explosive produces two dangerous blasts," Lochhead said. "First comes a blast wave of high pressure that spreads out at supersonic speeds and can cause devastating internal injuries. A thermal blast follows almost instantaneously. It is a wave of heat that exceeds 1,112 degrees Fahrenheit. That's as hot as a burning cigarette. The thermal blast lasts only two seconds, but it can literally cook the face, hands and other exposed skin."
In an effort to protect soldiers from this threat, the U.S. Department of Defense has been seeking a solution that Lochhead initially regarded as an impossibility: A material that soldiers could smear on their faces like suntan lotion, leaving a coating that although thinner than a sheet of paper, could protect against that intense heat. Dr. Paige Buchanan, Kelli Booth, Michelle McClusky, Laura Anderson and Lochhead were the team that tackled the challenge. Not only did they succeed, but they discovered a formulation that protects in laboratory experiments way beyond the 2-second heat-wave threat from improvised explosive devices and other bombs.
The new camouflage makeup protects the face and hands for up to 15 seconds before its own temperature rises to the point where a first-degree burn, which is a mild burn, might occur. In some tests, the new face paint can protect for up to 60 seconds, which could be important in giving soldiers time to move away from blast-related fires and also for use by civilian firefighters.
The makeup had to meet several key criteria: It had to reflect intense heat; have camouflage colors suitable for day and night use; be easy to apply and remove; be waterproof; and be non-irritating to the eyes, nose and mouth.
The trickiest part was that the University of Southern Mississippi team had to avoid the use of mineral oil, mineral spirits, fatty substances and other traditional hydrocarbon makeup ingredients. Hydrocarbons can burn in contact with intense heat in the flame spectrum. The team turned to silicones, which are not as flammable because they absorb radiation at wavelengths outside of the intense heat spectrum. Silicones have been replacing hydrocarbons in many commercial cosmetic makeup products as cosmetics companies improve products to confer better feel properties and transfer-resistance.
Another challenge was adding DEET, an insect repellent. The military mandates that all camouflage makeups contain 35 percent DEET. "DEET also is flammable, so when the Department of Defense asked us to incorporate it, we didn't think we could do it," Lochhead noted. But the team successfully included DEET by encapsulating it in a hydrogel substance, a water-rich material that prevented DEET from catching fire.
It already has passed the preliminary laboratory tests needed to determine whether development should continue. Lochhead's team also plans tests of the material on other surfaces to try to protect clothing, tents and other items from burning, and a colorless version is being developed for firefighters.
###
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Note to journalists: Please report that this research was presented at a meeting of the American Chemical Society.
Abstracts from the symposium "Polymers for Personal Care and Cosmetics" follow.
Abstracts
Makeup designed to protect skin from ballistic heat Robert Y. Lochhead1 , The University of Southern Mississippi, The School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, 118 College Drive, #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406-0001, United States , 601-266-5945, robert.lochhead@usm.edu
Warfighters and firefighters can be exposed to intense thermal fluxes that can cause severe burns on exposed skin. Burn injuries are exacerbated by oil or wax-based face paint that can melt on the face and ignite and transfer heat to the tissue. There is a need to ameliorate damage to the skin for such intense heat fluxes. We used high throughput formulation techniques to construct formulations designed to reflect heat from the skin. We avoided ingredients containing C-C and/or C-H bonds that absorb in the flame region of the spectrum. Fortunately, the Si-O-Si bond in silicones absorbs at wavelengths around 9 microns, which is just outside the intense flame spectrum. Makeup formulations for protection against ballistic heat were formulated using select polymeric film formers and hydrogels to shield volatile flammable component ingredients such as DEET.
(Research conducted under Contract No. W911QY-09-C-0037 awarded by the United States Department of Defense (Army).
In vitro characterization of cosmetic and viscoelastic effects of firming polymers Chung-yi Chiang1 , Unilever, 40 Merritt Boulevard, Trumbull, CT, 06611, United States , 203-381-5741, chung-yi.chiang@unilever.com
Polymers are ingredients commonly used in cosmetic and personal care products to primarily tune the rheology and/or sensory properties of products. The formation of leave-on polymer film on the skin surface would affect consumer's visual and tactile perceptions. The viscoelastic properties of polymer films on skin are believed to drive consumer's immediate perceptions of attributes such as firming. Therefore, tuning proper viscoelastic properties for the polymeric film on skin is a key factor in cosmetic formulation design. A creep measurement on synthetic substrate mimicking skin viscoelasticity and a standard linear solid model were developed to characterize the mechanical properties of products in experiments simulating the application process. A commercialized firming polymer was used to demonstrate the mechanical effects of polymer doses in products. In addition, a variety of polymers with different chemical structures were tested to help with the selection of polymers for optimizing the skin-care products and achieving the targeted concepts.
Beyond thickening: Use of alkyl acrylate crosspolymer in personal care formulations Daphne Benderly1 , Presperse Corporation, 635 Pierce Street, Somerset, NJ, 08873, United States , 732-356-5200, dbenderly@presperse.com
Polymeric thickeners have been used for decades in personal care applications. A newer class of crosslinked copolymer thickener is INCI name Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer, which has found use in gel, surfactant and emulsion systems. One disadvantage of this polymer type is loss of viscosity upon addition of electrolytes (salts).
Electrolyte resistance can be altered by varying the structure of the crosslinked copolymer - crosslink density and extent of hydrophobic modification. Performance in model systems such as gels and surfactants will be demonstrated, and the thickening mechanism described. For some thickener structures, an added benefit, in addition to building viscosity and electrolyte tolerance, is the development of a distinctive texture. This texture can be used to differentiate consumer products.
An unexpected thickening synergy between one thickener structure and a surfactant-like preservative is reported.
Modern polyurethane polymers: Structure-property relationships Yuliya Berezkin1 , Bayer MaterialScience, LLC, Coatings, Adhesives and Sealants/ Spetialties/ Personal Care, 100 Bayer Road, Pittsburgh, PA, 15205, United States , 412-777-4176, yuliya.berezkin@bayer.com
The intrinsic features of polyurethane polymers - such as elasticity, clarity, and tunable mechanical properties - are found to be key in industrial and personal care applications. Understanding structure-property relationships of polyurethanes is necessary when designing smart multifunctional materials for specific end-uses.
Polyurethanes have a segmented structure of block copolymers where soft and hard segments form micro domains that may result in two-phase morphology. For example, a change in the molecular weight of the soft segment may affect phase separation that, in turn, dictates a very unique thermodynamic behaviour of the polymer altering its mechanical characteristics. The nature of the building blocks and polymer morphology greatly affect film forming properties, stiffness, and polymer behaviour under thermal and physical conditions.
This paper will review effects of polymer structure on biodegradability and chemical resistance. Physical-chemical characteristics of the polymer to achieve shape memory or self-healing effects will also be discussed.
Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release profiles of biodegradable hydroxycinnamate-based poly(anhydride-esters) Michelle A. Ouimet1 , Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, United States , 732-445-5630, mouimet@rci.rutgers.edu
A novel series of hydroxycinnamate-based biodegradable polymers was prepared by chemically incorporating antimicrobial/antioxidant bioactives (e.g., p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acids) into poly(anhydride-esters) of differing hydrophilicity. A Knoevenagel condensation synthetic approach for preparing polymer precursors and solution polymerization methods utilized to yield biodegradable polymers. Preliminary studies of the polymer in vitro release profiles demonstrated that the hydroxycinnamate-based polymers are hydrolytically degradable and release the chemically incorporated bioactives over a prolonged period of time (> 1 month). Controlled release of such naturally derived bioactives would be advantageous for many cosmetic, skin care, and personal care formulations.
Wettability of silicones Michael J. Owen1 , Michigan Molecular Institute, 1910 West St. Andrews Road, Midland, Michigan, 48640, United States , 989-631-7339, michaelowen01@chartermi.net
The low surface energy and hydrophobicity of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has led to its widespread use in personal care and cosmetic products. However, some applications require oleophobicity as well as hydrophobicity and for this reason, fluorosilicones are of interest in this field. Perceived benefits of incorporation of silicones into these products can be difficult to quantify but one quantitative index of wettability is the contact angle a given liquid exhibits on a silicone substrate. The most commonly studied liquids are water and alkanes, particularly n-hexadecane, useful indicators of hydrophobicity and oleophobicity, respectively. Such data are available for PDMS and a variety of fluorosilicones including polymethyltrifluoropropylsiloxane (PMTFPS). These data are reviewed and compared with other fluorocarbon materials, particularly n-perfluoroeicosane (C20F42). The fundamental reasons for the trends in these data are explored in the light of fundamental attributes of these materials such as low intermolecular forces and polymer backbone architecture and flexibility.
Acetylene based polymers in personal care applications Osama M. Musa1 , Ashland Specialty Ingredients, Corporate Research Center, 1361 Alps Road, Wayne, NJ, 07470, United States , 973-628-3265, omusa@ashland.com
We will discuss acetylenic-based polymers for personal care derived from vinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl caprolactam and methyl vinyl ether monomers. These vinyl lactam-based polymers have been made via solution, precipitation and dispersion polymerization techniques. By varying ratios of vinyl lactam with other functional monomers, random copolymers with the desired benefits/properties can be achieved. Their polymer architectures can range among linear, branched and crosslinked, and they can be water-soluble or water-swellable. Their polymer functionality can be non-ionic, cationic or anionic in nature. Physical characteristics of the representative lactam-based polymers based on their functionality will be presented along with their applications in personal care industry. Some known applications include hairsprays, hair styling gels, hair conditioning, teeth whiting, and waterproofing sun-creams. Finally, chemistry of methyl vinyl ether (and isobutylene)-maleic anhydride alternating copolymers will be presented, which allow post-polymerization modifications, resulting in broad range tailor-made materials having unique characteristics. Representative known applications of MVE (or IB)-based polymers are hairsprays, mousses, denture adhesives, tartar-control toothpastes and tablet coatings.
Controlled synthesis of multifunctional polymers with "conflicting properties" by RAFT for personal care applications Matthias Haeussler1 , CSIRO, CMSE, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, Vic, 3168, Australia , +61-3-9545-2390, matthias.haeussler@csiro.au
The versatility of the RAFT (Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer) technology provides enormous potential for the design and development of multi-functional polymers that are optimised for performance in a range of application areas that includes: surfactants, coatings, dispersants, nanomaterials, therapeutic or active delivery and personal care. This presentation will demonstrate the attributes of the RAFT process as a ground breaking technology offering unprecedented control over the composition, functionality and architecture of polymers obtained through radical polymerization. Examples of block copolymer structures with distinctive physical and chemical properties will be presented and the performance attributes of these polymers will be highlighted.
Ion permeable microcapsules: An approach for remineralization Stephen M. Gross1 , Creighton University, Department of Chemistry, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE, 68178, United States , 402-280-2270, stephengross@creighton.edu
The prevention of caries continues to remain a prominent concern among dental professionals. Although products such as toothpaste, mouthwash, and sealants have all targeted this process, the challenge against primary and secondary caries still persists. This study provided a distinctive approach through the creation of a ubiquitous platform capable of being incorporated into several types of dentrifices. Solvated calcium, fluoride, and phosphate salts were encapsulated in ion permeable microcapsules and loaded into rosin and resin based varnish formulations. The role of initial salt concentration in the microcapsule, w/w% loading, microcapsule chemical structure, ion type and continuous phase on the ion release rate was studied. It was concluded that varnish formulated with microcapsules released calcium, phosphate and fluoride ions in a biologically available form with a controlled rate of release.
Stars and blocks: Tailoring polymeric rheology modifiers for aqueous media by controlled free radical polymerization Andre Laschewsky1 , Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research, Department of Chemistry, Geiselbergstrasse 69, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany , 493315681327, 493315683000, andre.laschewsky@iap.fraunhofer.de
Associative telechelics are particularly versatile and effective for thickening or gelling aqueous formulations. As alternative to the dominating hydrophobically end-capped poly(ethylene glycol) derivatives, we have explored the use of controlled free radical polymerization for synthesizing associative telechelic water-soluble polymers directly, without the need of post-polymerization modification steps. Varying the hydrophobicity and the number of the hydrophobic end-groups, as well as the nature and the chain length of the hydrophilic polymer, we present the associative properties of various star, block and star-block copolymers made from acrylic monomers. Moreover, we demonstrate how to extend the strategy to thermo-responsive systems.
Recent advances in self-healing polymers and coatings Jamil Baghdachi1 , Eastern Michigan University, School of Engineering Technology, 118 Sill Hall, Ypsilanti, MI, 48167, United States , 734-487-3192, jbaghdach@emich.edu
In an effort to mimic self-healing functions in biological systems, we report here the development of polymeric coating systems that are stimuli responsive and possess the ability to self-heal when damaged. This work describes coatings that contain small amounts of healing agent in the form of microcapsule homogeneously dispersed in the coating medium. The most attractive feature of this system is that the factors that cause the most damage to the coating, such as humidity, mechanical compromise, exposure to high temperatures etc., are the same factors that initiate self-healing phenomenon. This property is unique since the extent of the healing is proportional to the magnitude of the damage, i.e., repair on demand. It was confirmed that the simulated natural aging or mechanical damage triggered the release of healing agents, repaired the damage, restored the integrity of the coating and enhanced overall coating properties. The development of self-healing materials has the potential to significantly impact the coatings and related industries by enhancing coatings' performance and service life.
Novel cationic latex as an opacifier for cleansing formulations Fanwen Zeng1 , The Dow Chemical Company, Dow Advanced Materials, 727 Norristown Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, United States , 215-619-5754, fzeng@dow.com
Opacifier technology has been applied in cleansing formulations to provide an opaque and creamy appearance in consumer products. Styrene/acrylate latex (SAL) is one of the most widely used technologies. Conventionally, this opacifier technology is based on latexes stabilized with anionic groups on the surfaces. It is being used in anionic surfactant-based systems at slightly acidic to neutral pH. However, this technology is not compatible in cleansing formulations that contain a higher content of cationic polymers. In this paper, we describe a novel cationic SAL that is prepared by an emulsion polymerization process. The compatibility and long term formulation stability is markedly improved with this cationic SAL vs. the anionic counterpart when it is used in a cleansing formulation containing higher content of a variety of cationic polymer ingredients.
Styrene/acrylates copolymer as film former for improved hair surface luster Miao Wang1 , Dow Chemical Company, 727 Norristown Road, Spring House, PA, United States , 215-619-1439, miaowang@dow.com
Shine is one of the most sought-after and most desirable criteria for a hair care product, including hair styling. Hair fixative polymers can provide hold performance, however they have been relying on silicone to provide shine, which has limited shine benefit, diminished hold performance, and are not long lasting. The study was to understand the impact of polymer physical properties, and formulation parameters on shine and hold performance in hair styling products.
Bifunctional synthetic fluid: Polyalphaolefin (PAO)-diphenylamine Abhimanyu O. Patil1 , ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Corporate Strategic Research, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, NJ, 08801, United States , 908-730-2639, abhimanyu.o.patil@exxonmobil.com
1-Decene dimer with terminal double bond was reacted with diphenylamine using acidic catalyst to obtain antioxidant bound fluid. The use of the two different alkylation catalysts were explored: Solid acid clay and 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium heptachloroaluminate [emim+][Al2Cl7-]. The talk will focus on the synthetic aspect of the work with emphasis on the intricacies of the alkylation and oligomerization chemistries revealed by mass spectroscopy.
Next generation mildness for personal care: Nonpenetrating polymerized surfactants for cleansing applications Michael J. Fevola1 , Johnson & Johnson Consumer and Personal Products Worldwide, Division of Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc., 199 Grandview Road, Skillman, NJ, 08558, United States , 908-874-2418, mfevola@its.jnj.com
Most personal cleansing products rely on conventional small-molecule surfactants to deliver the cleansing and foaming performance expected by consumers. Despite all of their beneficial functions, these surfactants can exhibit significant irritation potential. The micelle penetration theory of surfactant induced irritation has inspired new methods of improving mildness which are based on the control and prevention of micelle penetration. Building on this theory, we have demonstrated that the irritation potential of surfactant micelles is inversely proportional to the hydrodynamic size of the micelles; thus, surfactant blends exhibiting larger micelle sizes tend to be milder compared to surfactant blends with smaller micelle sizes. However, because micelle size distributions tend to be broad in nature, even mild surfactant blends contain a significant fraction of small micelles that are able to penetrate into tissue. Polymerized surfactants (PSs) comprised of amphiphilic repeat units overcome the problem of surfactant penetration by enabling the formation of micelles that are too large to penetrate into tissue. The physical properties of PSs can be manipulated via chemical design to provide materials that function like conventional surfactants (e.g. PSs exhibit foaming, wetting, and solubilization behaviors) with the benefits of zero tissue penetration and tremendous reduction in irritation potential.
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Unidentified attackers early Tuesday blew up a pipeline pumping liquefied gas to Yemen's southern Balhaf export terminal, causing a complete halt in operations, a security official said.
"Unknown gunmen blew up the gas pipeline... at Station 5, in the village of Zahira, in the Shabwa province," said provincial security chief brigadier-general Ahmed Omeir.
He said the attack took place around 1:00 am Tuesday (2200 GMT Monday).
France's Total has an almost 40 percent interest in the Balhaf plant.
The 320-kilometre (200-mile) pipeline linking Marib province to Balhaf, in Yemen's mostly lawless south, has been repeatedly sabotaged by Al-Qaeda militants who remain active in region.
On May 13, suspected Al-Qaeda militants blew up the pipeline near Mayfaa, also in Shabwa, nearly three weeks after it was sabotaged on April 26, shortly after it was repaired following a similar March attack.
Yemen began exporting liquefied natural gas from Balhaf in 2009.
In May, a French security official working for Total was wounded and a Yemeni soldier killed when gunmen attacked their car in Sayun in the eastern province of Hadramawt.
Al-Qaeda's branch in Yemen has exploited the decline in central government control that accompanied Arab Spring-inspired protests that eventually forced president Ali Abdullah Saleh to cede power in February.
Al-Qaeda-linked militants had captured Zinjibar, Jaar, Shuqra and other towns across Abyan, but government forces in May launched an all-out offensive and recaptured the towns the following month.
But failed to keep up the appearance of being the prefect mom, wife and family yesterday. We had a meeting with SS7's Therapist yesterday and the step-parents were 'encouraged' to attend by the Therapist. So I went and I planned to just sit there and answer any questions that were asked of me.
We went in and BM sat in the corner while FDH and I sat on the sofa together. Chubby Hubby (BM's husband) was running late. The Therapist started talking about her sessions with SS7 and made note of our 'journal', she stressed the need for structure in SS7 life and 'syncing' the households - all the while looking at BM. She already told us that we were very structured. The importance of getting enough sleep and nutrition. BM chimed in and said that he eats really well (yeah if it's pizza) while I talked about taking him to McD's and trying to talk him into a 6 piece instead of a 4 piece. We talked about dinner time, FDH told her we eat as a family at the dinner table every night, I added that the boys and I still eat at the table even if FDH has to work late. BM said "Oh yeah we do that too". (Ss7 says he eats in his room or in the living room)
She talked about limiting his TV and Video game time - not so much setting time limits but just watching it and knowing when it can be turned off. I told her that I don't turn the TVs on at all in the morning when the kids have school because other wise they don't get ready. (BM said nothing)
She talked about NOT coddling him all the time, he needs to learn to deal with things on his own. I told her about him getting a paper cut in the car and since I was driving I couldn't help him so she started talking to himself and telling himself that it was okay. FDH talked about getting SS7 to wash his own hair and put on his own lotion. (BM said nothing)
She talked about 'transition' period, when the boys got from house to house and how to make it better. She added that it will always be weird for the first 24 hours but allowing the kids to relax (no video games or TV) before and right after we make the switch.
We talked about him going to that bathroom all the time - his new 'stress release'. Therapist said we need to nip that in the butt, it not healthy. We have to explain to him that it's just his mind playing tricks on him. We talked about some of the other things that he might do to relieve stress and BM just said that he doesn't do that at her house - to which the Therapist responded. "If he does it at one house then he does it at both, you probably just don't notice it".
We talked about School and Therapist asked who his teacher was, BM answered and FDH was like really that's good to know. BM said they sent him something but I get the mail and trust me they didn't send anything. Of course this was after Therapist said that we seem to get along better than most - apparently we just suck at communicating.
At some point in there Chubby Hubby joined us. He looked SO happy to be there. He went in and sat in the seat furthest from BM (which was the Therapist made him move - that was her seat). The Therapist asked him what his concerns were and he told her to come back to him, which she did twice and he still had nothing.
She warned us that we needed to watch what we say around SS7 - she tested him and even though he looks to not be paying attention he takes a lot in. FDH agreed that this was could apply to us, we tend to say things about BM when we think SS7 isn't hearing us. He also picks up on what it going on around him more than most kids. FDH told the story SS7 told him about BM not having any money (burn) and how he came to that conclusion on his own.
I am not sure what we were talking about at the time but FDH also felt the need to tell BM and the Therapist that the night before SS7 told him that he just wanted to stay home all week, when said that he could and I would stay with him SS7 went off on this rant about how he just wanted BM to stay home with him one day but won't, she is always gone. FDH explained the BM has to work and he was actually nice about it which made the Therapist smile and comment that FDH and BM seem to be better at that than most divorced parents. I am sure (or I hope) it made BM feel like crap since she can't even stay home with him on weekends.
During the meeting I was loving to FDH, I put my hand on his back or held his hand while BM and Chubby didn't even want to sit by each other. Half way through the Therapist started calling Chubby by the wrong name and no one corrected her (not my job). As we walked out i walked by FDH and stood by him in the elevator. BM and Chubby stood on opposite walls. When we got outside FDH said he was hungry and I offered to fix him something when we got home. BM told Chubby that she was going back to work (this is at like 5:30) When he asked how long she was going to be she said a few HOURS! As we pulled away they were standing on both sides of her van talking across the hood - with what looked like a rather heated discussion by the body language - there was no contact not even a kiss good-bye (they had a van between them) and rode there in separate cars. We went out to eat with a friend later and I tried to talk FDH into driving past her work to see if BM was actually working but he wouldn't do it. I was just nosy. We have been thinking that they are having issues for sometime and I was shocked that he even came.
So A long story short BM basically lied about how perfect her house was for SS7 (and we think the Therapist knew that she was lying since she directed most of the comments about making changes to her) and FDH and I did most of the talking. I told him that I can't speak for the Therapist but she has to be wondering about it. I mean I know what I saw and it wasn't the picture perfect blended family that BM likes to portray. It was very one sided.
So there I was, standing in line at the grocery store.
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Public release date: 22-Aug-2012
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We have been thinking that they are having issues for sometime and I was shocked that he even came.